Customer Fraud and Business Responses

A customer is a very important element in the chain of supply as he or she is the end user of goods and services provided at the market place. It is said that a customer is an asset to business owners and should be treated like a king or queen. Every individual is a customer as people are deemed to buy goods and services for daily use. The buying decisions of customers are very critical and are influenced by a number of factors (Wallace, K. 1999). Once the expectations of customers are not met he or she is turned off hence fails to buy goods or services.As a customer I have experience in various issues that turned me off and opted to buy goods from another place. There are number of small insignificant turnoffs that have ever influenced my buying decisions. First, dirt store is one of the major turnoffs which influenced my buying decision as I could not withstand the bad smell from the store. The store had a lot of dust and its goods were dirty and this influenced my decision to buy from another place. A second turnoff was high prices of commodities as compared to other neighboring store markets.Considering the economic hardships I had to move to a store that offered the same products at relatively lower price. Third, the location of the market place is out of way and this led to change of mind and considered a more accessible market place. Fourth, poor customer service is one main issue that has influenced my buying decisions in the past. Poor customer service in this aspect refers to unfriendly sellers, taking too long to respond to customer needs and being unhelpful.This has been one of the worst experiences that influenced my decision to buy from another place. 2. Describe in your own words the three categories of customer turnoffs. Give five specific examples of each. Satisfaction of customers is one major achievement of an organization or business entity as it results to creation of good trading environment (Keep, B. 2002). There are three main categories of customer turnoffs such as value, systems performance and people.Value of service or goods offered to customer is important because once customers are not satisfied with what is offered they change their buying decisions. For example defect goods, expired products, charging high prices for poor transport services, non-functional machine parts and Inferior goods. Systems performance is another customer turnoff especially when customer expectations are not met in provision of goods or services. The customer always expects to get the best but in certain occasions the centrally happens.For example, medication provided by a qualified doctor which does not result to treatment of the illness, buying of a laptop hence turning out to be non-functional or entering a motel in expectation of good services but its condition turn out to be pathetic. Another example is a busy bank that has a few number of tellers or promotions whereby customers expects more but they get unworthy goods. A third category of customer turn off is People which relates to a situation on how customers are handled within organizations or any other business entity.Examples in this category include failing to address a client well in an organization, failing to greet a customer or client, use of abusive words to clients, defrauding of clients by hiking prices of goods or services and taking too long to respond a customer for any clarification. References Wallace, K. (1999). Why People Don’t Buy Things: Five Proven Steps to Connect with Your Customers and Dramatically Increase Your Sales, Perseus Publishing. Keep, B. (2002). Customer Fraud and Business Responses: Let the Marketer Beware, Quorum Books.

Computer Games Essay

Farmville, DotA, Cafà © World, City Ville, Plants Vs. Zombies are just among of the few computer games that are in demand not only among the youth today but also to some adults. These computer games surely bring us entertainment and fun but is that really what’s into it? Have you ever thought of what are the effects of these games to our minds and attitudes? Computer games conquer the minds of our youth today. Through these games, we are able to make friends all over the world. These games could also help our minds because while playing we think of different strategies to win. These helps keep our minds off of the things we don’t want to think about. But are these benefits worth it, when once you get addicted to these you might not think of doing more important things? For me, computer games are fine but once you put all of your time playing these then you might want to think of controlling yourself. Why? Because it might divert your attention from your duties and responsibilities. As a youth and a student, I think that we should focus on our studies more because our studies would make a great impact on our future. If you study more, then you’ll have a greater chance of having a bright future. I am not saying that you should not play such computer games. You could play but make sure that you could control yourself, manage your time, and keep it in moderate. Remember, staying in front of the computer for so long could damage your eyes and your health because of radiation. Some even died because of addiction to the game DotA. I’m not a fan of this game because of its characters that seem to promote the devil. Computer games bring us enjoyment and amusement but we should all think of its effects to us and what it really teaches us before we get indulged on playing such. I don’t have a thing against the gamers but it is good to keep things in moderate. Not only in computer gaming but in other things as well.

Ragging is a Crime Essay

â€Å"Ragging is a verbal, physical or psychological abuse on newcomers to educational institutions. It is similar to the American phenomenon known as hazing. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to psychological or physical torture. Sri Lanka is said to be its worst affected country in the world† The delusion of Ragging is spread almost among every organization that is to be found today. Govt universities are the most affected parties, which will be focused further in this article. There are many types of ragging, dress code ragging, playing the fool etc. Ragging results in many outcomes some think it provides, A sense of accomplishment, Helps you learn about yourself, Challenges you to develop coping skills, Makes you feel like part of the group, Develops close friendships with other new members, Prepare you for emotional challenges in life, Promotes self-discipline ,Allows you do to crazy things in a self accepted manner etc. Unfortunately ragging is exploited into verbal torture and physical torture which are commonly known in Govt Universities. Presently the initial stage is prevailed by making the new comers wear a certain dress code for a period of time some resulting to look humane/pleasant but some feel awkward and uncomfortable as it often brings them unnecessary attention then making hem memorize the name and hometown of their peers. which is actually common situation to increase the friendship among batch mates . (locally referred as batch fit) Prior things are said to be tolerable upto a certain extent but this delusion unfortunately doesn’t end there , â€Å"playing the fool† which involves kissing a tree, proposing someone from the opposite sex and maybe upto public nudity often results in self embarrassment, then again verbal torture -indulging in loose talks ,singing of a vulgar or abusive song in the presence of a large number of peers, aliases are used primarily as a means of preventing the  university authorities identifying the students who are involved in ragging.  The severest form of raging that could take place is physical torture, Freshman are forced to consume alcohol and various other substances. Some seniors are mainly interested in details such as the anatomical description of one’s body parts, his or her sexual interests etc. In many cases, the freshmen have been asked to strip before the seniors. However, sexual abuse of female students remains rare. Outstation students who stay in hostels are most vulnerable to ragging. They may be asked to do odd acts such as having showers several times per day, and having showers around midnight with cold water. Some extreme cases like inserting candles inside lady-parts (as in the case of Rupa Rathnaseeli), putting testicles in a drawer and having it closed, pushing straightened out coat-hangers into ears, striking the man-parts over a long period of time (termed bonchi kadeema) are also reported. This period of time is termed Bheeshana Samaya in university jargon. â€Å"Ragging is often used as a method to promote group loyalty and camaraderie through shared suffering.† These ragging victims are currently only lead to Loss of friendships outside of the organization, Resentment towards current members, Exhaustion, Emotional duress from humiliation/intimidation, Decreased academic performance, Stress-related illness, Accidental injuries, Inflicted injuries, Physical pain, Depression or other mental health problems, Re-traumatization of past abuse, Severe intoxication (resulting in medical emergencies), Seizures, Maiming and finally Death. A tentative explanation from evolutionary psychology is that ragging can activate the psychological trait known as Stockholm syndrome. These delusions has lead to many major catastrophes, below states some In 1974, ragging of some trainee mathematics teachers at the then Vidyalankara University (now University of Kelaniya) prompted Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike’s Government to appoint V. W. Kularatne Commission to probe the incident. As a result, twelve undergraduates were expelled and four officials were penalised for their failure to take appropriate action. This  is the first major step taken against university ragging by a Sri Lankan government. In 1975, University of Peradeniya reported the first ragging related death when a 22-year-old female student of the Faculty of Agriculture, Rupa Rathnaseeli became paralyzed as a result of jumping from the second floor of the hostel â€Å"Ramanathan Hall† to escape the physical ragging carried out by her seniors. It was reported that she was about to have a candle inserted in her vagina just before she had jumped out of the hostel building. She committed suicide in 1997 In 1993, Chaminda Punchihewa, a student of University of Ruhuna, died as a result of ragging. Prasanga Niroshana, a student from Hakmana, died as a result of ragging he underwent at Schools of Agriculture, Angunakolapallassa. In 1997, 21-year-old S. Varapragash, an Engineering student of University of Peradeniya, died from a kidney failure following severe ragging by senior students. A a first year female student of University of Ruhuna committed suicide in 1997 as a result of ragging In 1997, Kelum Thushara Wijetunge, a first-year student at the Hardy Technical institute in Ampara, died from a kidney failure after he was forced to do tough exercises and drink excessive quantities of liquor. In 2002, Samantha Vithanage, a third year Management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign was killed at a meeting, while in a discussion on ragging. In 2006, Prof. Chandima Wijebandara, the Vice Chancellor of University of Sri Jayewardenepura resigned from his post as a result of students failing to comply with his orders to eliminate ragging from the university. In 2011, a female student attached to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Ruhuna, was semi-paralysed in one limb as a result of ragging she underwent at the faculty canteen Seeing closely at a person who might join in this â€Å"ragging† is that they suffer from â€Å"illusion of control†. They tend to share a personal distress of Jealousy or envy and a lack of personal and social skills to deal with such feelings, usually created by an unstable home environment. People with this vague state of mind is further explained in the Perfect Storm Theory Of Hazardous Hazing. In 1998 Prohibition of Ragging and Other Forms of Violence in Educational Institutions Act, No. 20 was passed in the Sri Lankan parliament. As specified in the detailed note of the Act, it is identified as an Act to eliminate ragging and other forms of violent and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment from educational institutions. The Act specifies the relevant Higher Educational Institutions coming under the Act and that includes all the Higher Educational Institutions established under the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978. University students are also considered as citizens and are subjugated to the Common Law that prevails in the country. Accordingly, the constitutional constrains specified above are equally applicable to university students. Any form of civil or criminal offence executed by them are liable to be punished and in an instance of violation of such rights committed by university students, they shall be produced before the relevant Court and subject to suitable punishment that followed by the trial. Unlike in India, there is no official anti-ragging movement in Sri Lanka. But with the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is a spontaneously emerging anti-ragging movement in each and every faculty of the university that ragging exists. In the case of University of Peradeniya, the largest university in Sri Lanka, anti-ragging movement has emerged in the year 1996. Prior to that, there was no movement against ragging, but certain individuals who escaped from the rag. In the mean time, anti-ragging movements started to appear in all other universities. Several faculties in several universities have become rag-free due to these movements, strengthened laws as well as practical difficulties in conducting ragging such as not providing accommodation facilities to the first-year students. Internal clashes have erupted several times due to the friction between ragging and anti-ragging movements, best example being Samantha Vithanage, a third year Management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign was killed at a meeting while in a discussion about ragging. The Higher Education Minister S. B. Dissanayake has stressed that firm action will be taken against those who are found guilty of such activities in future and would be expelled from the university. In December 2011, he claimed that the levels of ragging has gone  down drastically in the recent times and â€Å"only Peradeniya and Ruhuna are still affected by this ‘malaise’ Finally every person should realize that the this illusion of power lies only within the particular organization and in a couple of years they are driven into society and they will be accounted for their wrongs. Freshman should respect their seniors as well as the seniors should be in a state to accept it, as it has been said â€Å"Give respect to get respect†. After all we are all humans pursuing our personal/common interests while dealing with major/minor issues So let’s try making each other’s lives easier.

Business and Government Customer Decision Making Essay

Business and Government Customer Decision Making - Essay Example Often, straight rebuy is a purchase from an "approved list" of suppliers which satisfactory met the standard set buy the buyer. In order for the suppliers to maintain its relationship with the business buyer, it maintains its product or service quality. Companies utilizing straight rebuy are often automated in order to save reordering cost and time. Globally, Dell, Inc. is recognized as an organization which pursues strategic partnership with its various suppliers. Through the use of technology, the company shares the level of its material inventory with its current suppliers. These enables it to facilitate straight rebuy once its input goes below the optimum quantity. Aldi, the international retailer is also using a straight rebuy in replenishing its grocery shelves. It should be noted that the retailer has an extensive network of supplier for its merchandise. The company employs a Point of Sale system which tells suppliers when to deliver the needed goods. Modified rebuy happens when a business organization wants to purchase a component but would like to alter product specifications, prices, delivery requirement, or other terms (Widing 2002, p.155). As opposed to straight rebuy this buyclass may consider new suppliers to provide its new needs. The company also gathers information in its quest of finding the appropriate supplier.

Financial Crisis In The Year 2008 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Crisis In The Year 2008 - Essay Example In the mid-1990s the US embraced financial globalization as the touchstone for the grand strategy in the post-cold war period. In those periods it was common to talk about the decline of the US economy. However, the unexpected collapse of the Soviet Union and the stool of the Japan as an economic superpower brought the American economy to the center stage in the world order of business. The financial crisis of the year 2008 had multiple reasons behind its occurrence. The most important are perhaps the financers themselves. The financers claimed that they had found a way to banish the risks although, in reality, they had actually lost the track of the same. The central bankers and the regulators tolerated and let these things continue under their very noses for years. The macroeconomic environment too played an important role in the build-up to the crisis. The great moderation which was characterized by years of low inflation and stable rate of growth had fuelled risk-taking desires i n individuals. People became complacent and this increased their risk-taking ability and desires. The glut in savings in the Asia turned interested rates down. Even European banks which greedily borrowed from the American banks before the financial crisis used the funds so as to purchase dodgy securities. ConclusionThe above essay finds that there were several factors that led to the financial crisis in the year 2008. Some of the reasons behind the crisis were related to the economic policies pursued over the years.

Criminal Justice Opinion Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Justice Opinion Portfolio - Essay Example Be it the declaration of Independence or the United States constitution, sovereignty is always placed in the hands of the common man. The civil state is beholden to protect the rights of the individual. According to the Fourth Amendment, one has freedom from search and seizure, absent warrant when there is a justifiable requirement of privacy. Currently, it is Fourth Amendment that actually defines the common privacy rights enjoyed by US citizens. Respect to a person’s reasonable expectation of privacy must be maintained according to a 1967 Supreme Court ruling. The state can take any measure to ensure the safety of its citizens. On grounds of suspicion of ‘unusual conduct’, the state can resort to Stop and Frisk measures. But, it must be done after accumulating specific and articulable facts drawn from rational inferences. This can protect the right to privacy from undue interference of the state. Without a warrant there cannot be a seizure on a person, his home or personal property. This includes brief detention when the government is actually encroaching upon the possessory interests of the person to accumulate evidence. It is actually the exceptions that can result in a conflict between the interests of the state and the right to privacy of the respective individual. Even momentary detention is allowed under specific circumstances when the government has no other means to attain its objective. It can be in the form of the brief detention of the motorists or the immigration checkpoints or creating roadblocks to nab a fleeing criminal or locating a suspected bomb. This is to uphold the requirement of the society which is of greater interest. The lives of the citizens and the state’s information assets must be secured, under the current threat of terrorism. With transparent international borders it is indeed a ceaseless strife to maintain an effective balance between

Promotional Practice Report (Developing Marketing Communications) Essay

Promotional Practice Report (Developing Marketing Communications) - Essay Example In this Promotional Practice Report, I will mainly focus on the campaigns of the launch of Xbox 1. Through the authenticity of the ads, to massive 75 cities experiential tour, to social campaigns that encourage their participation, to creative media executions that let fans become directly involved – we are inviting the world to celebrate the launch of Xbox One and it’s an invitation to a new generation of games and entertainment. And it showcases experiences that only Xbox One can deliver.† Said Robert Matthews, General Manager of Consumer Marketing, Xbox (Xbox One Launches Invitation to the world, 2013). SMART is a guide how to set a valuable objective. Each letter in SMART refers to a different meaning included Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Timely. Microsoft did a great job about specific in the Xbox 1 campaign objective. It concerned about all the fans of Xbox should be involved, advertising over the world and 75 cities experiential tour, and the reason is to celebrate the launch of Xbox 1. Furthermore, it has to let people know the gaming and entertainment experiences can only be delivering by Xbox 1. However, it is not measureable and timely due to the objective does not mention about how many people should be involved within a specific time (Stross, 2005). DRIP is use to influence audiences by four different ways (Differentiate, Reinforce, Inform and Persuade) to differentiate or enhance the competitive of the product (Jill, 2009, p. 9). According to the campaign objective; it tries to reinforce people will have a new generation of games and entertainment that they have never experienced before by Xbox 1. The target audience for the new Xbox product will depend on different segmentation variables such as gender, buying situation, socio-economic group, race, age, geographical location, occupation, and ethnic group. Further, it also depends on early majority users,

The Role of Business in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role of Business in Society - Essay Example Thus, the individuals that approach decisions in this perspective feel that ethics in business is vital for maximum profits. In addition, decisions can be overlooked from the stakeholders’ point of view. In corporate social responsibility many firms make decisions and consider the interests and needs of the company’s stakeholders. This does not just base on the financial stake of the organization’s losses and profits. The various organizations which approach to vital issues in a firm from the perspectives of the stakeholders consider how the decisions have an impact to the people outside and inside the organization. The stakeholders can either affect or be affected by the decisions and actions of a particular firm. Though the shareholders are stakeholders, they are not the only ones. Furthermore, other stakeholders include customers, suppliers, employees and competitors. In decision making, the stake holders make decisions that favor the affected parties. The managers are very vital in the decisions of the firm as they establish the ethical tone. The managers control the view of the employees on profits. They set the recommended by the employees in ethical operation of the company. In the perspectives of the managers they set the business environment that encourages the other employees. For the company to operate in an ethical manner, the managers come up with decisions that encourage the employees to behave ethically. Therefore, the manager lead well to serve as an example to the employees. Business firms are supposed to assess their weaknesses and strengths in responding to the opportunities and threats in the environment. The marketing objectives of most businesses aim at improving and increasing the satisfaction of the customer or increasing the sales. In contrary there are several constrains that can hinder the business from proceeding. This

Are Engagement Strategies Desirable for Organizations and Employees Essay - 4

Are Engagement Strategies Desirable for Organizations and Employees - Essay Example According to the research findings, Human Resource helps and contributes to maintaining a competitive advantage of the company through various training, employee career orientations and development of skills and competencies which would be a company or product specific. They actually cater to shorten and act as a bridge to cover the gap between what the organization expects and what actually happens. The traditional sources of success like the product technology, studying market conditions and so on helps in providing competitive leverage both for its sustainability of the competitive advantage of the company sound functioning of the HRM is needed. Strategy chalks out the direction a company must travel in order to achieve the maximum output and benefit. Business strategy deals with achieving a competitive advantage of a company over others. The strategic capabilities of an organization can be tested by the ability of the company to execute the same. It can also be called as the path way which holds good not only for the employees but the management as well. Strategic HRM is related to the concept of strategy. It deals with the implementation and the execution of the HR policies. The strategic management requires the HR policies to be adhered and followed by the employees and the other staff. This is to bring out and cultivate the core competencies among the employees. The top management of the company checks the extent to which the rules made by the HR help in the growth of the company. The focus on the operational performance and the competitiveness have increased so much so that the managers have to make plans in accordance with the company’s objectives and aim.

Philosophers Views on Abortion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Philosophers Views on Abortion - Case Study Example However, some people especially those who support abortion have for centuries argued that the life of a mother is superior to that of the unborn; therefore, any life that put the life of the mother at any risk should be eliminated and the mother let to live. Regardless of the counter-argument on abortion, it is not right, at any point in time, to conduct abortion since it constitutes to terminate life; however, under well-argued and justified ground it may be an option to save the mother's life. Regardless of the position, one may take the arguments on abortion have proven to be extremely defensive and dogmatic. Furthermore, they concentrate on one perspective without looking at the whole issue in line with its psychological, moral, biological, and sociological complexity. Abortion is a difficult issue; however, it can be resolved if both sides of the debate look at the abortion arguments in open minds. Additionally, all the contributors and involved stakeholders must accept to work together towards the same goal without advance prejudice of the issue. Therefore, it is not advantageous if the entire human race to follow demagogic slogans that politically influence thinking on vital issues such as abortion; thus, the human race must all time debate on these vital issues with rational, moral stands. Philosophers Views on Abortion The fundamental problem of abortion is the moral justification of the status of the fetus. The philosophical understanding has three basic positions upon which they advance their arguments including conservative, liberal, and moderate. The liberal position is the contribution of Judith Jarvis Thomson. In her contribution, Judith assumed that conservatives did not influence the ideals of their supporters. Contributing to the issue, Judith argues that the moral status of any fetus is at all times justifiable in varied cases (DeGrazia, Mappes, and Brand-Ballard 482). She created a situation where someone is kidnapped because of preserving t he life of unconscious violinist. Additionally, she argues that the living human beings are linked through sharing the same kidney. Therefore, if there is the detachment between the kidneys of these two lives, before the end of the standard nine months of pregnancy, then the violinist automatically dies. According to Thomson, it is not an obvious obligation for humanity to share the kidney with the unborn (DeGrazia, Mappes, and Brand-Ballard 582). Additionally, she argues that sharing of the kidney creates an analog situation where the fetus uses the mother's body. Therefore, according to Thomson, abortion should be accepted and justified at all costs since the fetus only depends on the mother. She adds that abortion is justified in cases of rape, when a woman’s life is in danger, and when a woman has reasonable precaution to evade pregnancy. This reasoning may be considered patently false and exaggerated. In her argument, Thomson seems to disregard the distinctive character of the case that is the growing fetus. Even in rape cases, the killing of the fetus is not justifiable; thus, it remains morally unacceptable. Nonetheless, rape is also morally condemnable. Relating Rose’s case in the â€Å"A Brain Dead Mother Gives Birth† case study, Thomson will advocate for the death of the fetus in a quite unconvincing circumstance (DeGrazia, Mappes, and Brand-Ballard720). According to Thomson, the fetus is just, but a burden to the mother and in a situation where the mother’s life is at risk, the fetus must just be aborted.

Endocrine System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Endocrine System - Essay Example The control and coordination of all bodily processes is done by the nervous system in tandem with the endocrine system. The two systems are so closely associated that they are collectively called the neuroendocrine system. Neural control centers in the hypothalamus of the brain control the endocrine system. The nervous system uses electrical impulses to exercise control over the body, while the endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones to communicate and link between the nervous system and bodily functions. The major functions of the endocrine system are response to stress and injury, energy metabolism, water and electrolyte balance, reproduction, birth and lactation. The endocrine system is concerned with continuous, long-term effects, which are slow and widespread. The three major components of the endocrine system are the endocrine glands, the hormones and the receptors in the target cells. (Adam 2001). Glands are aggregations of epithelial cells embedded within connective tissue and surrounded by rich vascular networks. The two major categories of glands are exocrine and endocrine. Those glands which excrete substances for elimination are called exocrine glands (derived from the Greek ‘exo’ for outside and ‘krine’ for secrete). These glands have ducts or tubes which carry their secretions to the surface of the skin or into body cavities. Other glands which secrete substances for further use by the body are called endocrine glands (‘endo’ for inside). Endocrine glands are ductless glands which release their secretions directly into the surrounding tissue and blood. The endocrine glands are not physically connected but are distributed throughout the body. Some of them also have non-endocrine functions (Eg. The pancreas also secrete digestive enzymes) and are called mixed glands. The main endocrine glands are the pituitary, the pineal, the thyro id, the parathyroid, the adrenal, the

Macbeths Crimes Essay Example for Free

Macbeths Crimes Essay Macbeths crimes are blood, appalling and pitiless. Does Shakespeare present this butcher, hell-kite and fiend as a monster or as someone with whom it is possible to feel sympathy? The play Macbeth was written by William Shakespeare. It was written for the successor of Elizabeth I, James I of England. James I of England, who was James VI of Scotland, was a descendent of Banquo, and for this reason Shakespeare changed his play from the way this event actually took place in history. In history Banquo actually aided Macbeth in the killing of Duncan, this would have upset the king and may have got Shakespeare in a lot of trouble. Therefore Shakespeare changed it so that Banquo was not part of the plan to murder the king and was against the idea totally. Shakespeare added the witches into the play, as James was deeply interested in witchcraft. This would make the play more appealing to the king. James was a firm believe of The Divine Right Of Kings, this was a way of thinking that kings were hand picked by God and that they were, second in the hierarchy of the whole universe underneath God. As James believed in this way of thinking it made the murder of Duncan a lot more dramatic. When Duncan was murdered there was dramatic affects on Scotland. Shakespeare showed this unnatural affect over Scotland by things happening that would not happen normally. Such as horses eating each other and earthquakes happening. In the play Macbeth is shown as a tradgic hero. A tradgic hero is when a great heroic man has a weakness in his character, for Macbeth the flaw in his character is his great ambition. His flaw has come from the witches telling him the 3 prophecies. This turned his whole perspective around and that was when his ambition took over. As the play starts we see do not see Macbeth but we hear of how great a man he is and how much of a great brave worrier he is highly respected by all of his fellow Thanes and he also commands high respect from the king as well. There seems to be a connection with him and the witches in the first scene as the witches say Fair is foul, and foul is fair (act 1, scene I) This quotation show that things are not exactly what they seem. Macbeth repeats these words later on in that act. So foul and fair a day I have no seen (Act 1, scene III) When Macbeth says this there is a sense that the witch has already got some power over him, even though they have not met each other yet. At the battle the sergeant seems very happy that they had Macbeth on his side. The sergeant shows that he has great respect for Macbeth by complimenting him. Except they mount to the battle in reeking wounds; or memorize another Golgotha (Act 1, scene II) This phrase means that the sergeant was not sure if Macbeth and Banquo wanted to swim in blood or make another Golgotha, which was when Jesus was sacrificed. King Duncan also shows his respect for Macbeth when he says: O valiant cousin! Worthy gentlemen! (Act 1, scene II) Duncan is showing that he has great amounts of respect for Macbeth. After the battle has taken place Macbeth and Banquo are on their way home when the come across the 3 witches. The witches great Macbeth with 3 prophesies: 1. All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! 2. All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! 3. All hail Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter. As Macbeth is told he will be king hereafter there is a thought in the back of his mind to kill the king. These prophecies have shocked Macbeth and when the witches start to leave he tries to make them stay. He tries to make them tell him more about the prophecies. When Ross tells Macbeth that he has become Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth has the thought of killing the king again. Banquo says to him self in a soliloquy What can the devil speak true? (Act1, scene III) Banquo is stunned at the news, as is Macbeth. Macbeth asks them where they got this information as the Thane of Cawdor lives. Ross says that the Thane of Cawdor has been a traitor and that he is to be hanged. In Macbeths first soliloquy he says Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor: The greatest is behind. (Act 1, scene III) This shows that Macbeth has great trust in the prophecies and is contemplating weather or not to kill the king. Macbeth also shows that he doesnt really want to kill the king when he says If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, with out my stir. (Act 1, scene III) Macbeth is showing resistance to killing the king as he thinks that if he doesnt do anything then maybe he will have a change of being king. This shows that Macbeth does have a conscience and that he knows the difference between right and wrong. There is a great contrast between Banquo and Macbeth when they are told about each of their prophecies. Macbeth looks a lot in to them where as Banquo doesnt really look into them much. Banquo also warns Macbeth that the witches prophecies may not be the whole truth and may cause a lot of damage to him, despite this Macbeth still wants to be king. This shows Macbeth has ambition and this is the flaw of his character. Macbeth is not at all happy with Duncans decision to make Malcolm, The Prince of Cumberland his heir to the throne. Macbeth is so angry with the decision in his soliloquy he says Stars hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires (Act 1 scene III) Macbeth has reached a turning point he wants to kill Duncan because now there is now way the he can become king unless he kills Duncan. The quotation shows that he knows what he is going to do is wrong so he wants to make no one can see what he is doing. In act 1 scene VII Macbeth has another soliloquy in which he faces a real dilemma. He is stuck with the decision weather or not to kill the king. His say He is here in double trust: First as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against deed; then, as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door (Act 1, scene VII) Macbeth is really confused at this point he is not sure if he wants to kill Duncan or not. The quote above shows if he does then he is going against his morals and conscience. I think Macbeth knows the full consequences of what he is about to do, this is why he has some doubt in his mind, as the consequences are terrible. Macbeth then talks to his wife about his plan to kill Duncan, and how he is having second thoughts about killing Duncan. Lady Macbeth teases him, so out of pride Macbeth is forced into killing Duncan. In Act 2 Scene I Macbeth is all alone when he sees a dagger in front off him. Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee: I have thee not (Act 2, scene I) I think that there is a large significance of this dagger being there. The dagger is blood soaked and is pointing towards the chambers of the king. I think that the dagger is a way of his mind showing us that he has a guilty conscience and that he has become possessed by evil. All of the forcing from his wife has passed him over to the evil side and now he is dead set on killing Duncan. There is also an element of ambition, as he wants to kill Duncan to show he is capable and also for himself to show that he is a real man to his wife. Once Macbeth has murdered Duncan he acts very strange almost like he is in a daze. He looks very disturbed, he says This is a sorry sight (Act2, scene II) He says this as he is looking at his hands as if he was disgusted with himself and that he couldnt believe he had done such a terrible thing. While Macbeth was killing Duncan he heard voices saying Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep (Act 2, scene II) This really got to Macbeth, he didnt know where the voice came from and it really startled him. Lady Macbeth just told him to take no notice of what the voices had said. But wherefore could not I pronounce Amen? I had most need of blessing, and Amen stuck in my throat. (Act 2, scene II) This also scared Macbeth has when he was about to kill Duncan he wanted to say a prayer but the word Amen was stuck in his throat. These two affects were the first few consequences of killing Duncan. Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather The multitudinous sea incarnadine, Make the green one red (Act 2, scene II) This quote shows Macbeth is starting to feel guilty about his actions. When Macbeth says will great Neptunes oceans wash this blood clean from my hands he is conveying that it is such a bad thing that he has done nothing in the universe can clear him of his sins. Macbeth shows regret for him killing Duncan when he says Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst! (Act 2, scene II) Macbeth is becoming unstable mentally and is regretting killing Duncan. In act 3 Scene 4 Macbeth is having a banquet. At the start Macbeth is called away to see on of the murderers who gave him a report. Macbeth wanted Banquo and his son Fleance to be killed, the murderers only killed Banquo but Fleance got away. Then comes my fit again: I had else been perfect; Whole as the marble, founded as the rock, As broad and general as the casing air: But now I am cabind, cribbd, confind, bound in To saucy doubts and fears. (Act 3, scene IV) Macbeth is very frustrated that the killers did not kill Fleance as it has ruined his plan but he believes he can get around this hiccup. Once Macbeth has returned to the banquet he is asked to join the Lords. Lenox says to Macbeth here is a place reservd, sir. Macbeth asks him where? Lenox says here my good lord. What ist that moves your highness? Macbeth goes into a rage and starts to scream Which of you have done this? (Act 3, scene IV) Macbeth sees Banquos ghost in his chair, now Macbeth is going insane. All of the guests start to worry about the king but lady Macbeth tells them Sit worthy friends: my lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth: pray you keep seat; the fit is momentary; upon a thought He will again be well. (Act 3, scene IV) Lady Macbeth is trying to cover for Macbeth by saying that he is disturbed because of a childhood drama. Lady Macbeth does this out of panic so that none of the lords are worried about the king. This could also affect his respect and reputation with the lords as they may think he is delusional. Lady Macbeth covers for Macbeth very well. Lady Macbeth then asks the lords to leave, as Macbeth is very sick. Once the lords had left Macbeth tells lady Macbeth that he has a spy in every house. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth to get some sleep as he is become mentally unstable. Macbeth is suffering from all of the killing that he has done and it is not only affecting him it is also affecting his marriage to which seems to be deteriorating as the play goes on. In Act 4 scene I Macbeth goes to visit the witches, which shows he firmly trusts the witches as he has gone to them which gives a sense that they hove power over him where as if he waited and let them come to him he would not have given the impression that he was desperate. Macbeth is told 3 prophecies the first is: Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff; Beware the Thanes of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough (Act 4, scene I) The first apparition says this; it is a warning to Macbeth simply telling him to beware of Macduff, as he is dangerous. Macduff was never happy about Macbeth becoming king as Macduff never attended Macbeths crowning and he also suspected Macbeth of killing Duncan. The second prophecies is: Be bloody, bold and resolute; laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of women born shall harm Macbeth (Act 4, scene I) This prophecy made Macbeth relax a little, as he didnt think that there was any one in the world that could not be of women born. Which made him feel much more safer and almost invincible. The third prophecies is: Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane Hill; shall come against him (Act 4, scene I) Macbeth was very happy with this prophecy as for him this meant he was invincible, as he believed that Burnam wood would never come to Dunsinane. He shows that he is very happy about his prophecies when he says: That will never be: Who can impress the forest, bid the tree Unfix his earth bound root? Sweet bodements! Good! (Act 4, scene I) Macbeth has decided to kill the Macduffs as Macduff has flied to England and Macbeth sees this as the perfect time and way to kill them. If they are killed Macduff will be distort and will want to kill Macbeth but Macbeth thinks he is invincible. This is the perfect time as there is no one to protect his family. In Act 5 scene I Macbeth is getting ready for battle when he hears a women screaming he sends his servant to investigate. He returns and tells Macbeth that his wife is dead. Macbeth responds to this by saying: She would have dies hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word. To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this pretty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; and all our yesterdays have lighted fools the way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more; it is a tale told by an idiot, gull of sound and furry, signifying nothing. (Act 5, scene V) This speech is said by Macbeth as he thinks life is not worth living for any more. He tries hard to make his life better but in the end he is going to die so what is the point. That is the kind of attitude he is taking. Macbeth is then told that Burnam Wood is moving to wards Dunsinane. Macbeth reacts very badly to this he calls the messenger a Liar and slave (Act 5, scene V) Macbeth cannot believe it, the wood is moving, he is in such anger as the prophecies are not holding up to their word. Macbeth has his armour put on so he is ready for battle. In the final scene Macbeth and Macduff have a battle, Macbeth is very full of himself until Macduff says Despair thy charm: and let the angel whom thou still hast servd tell thee, Macduff was from his mothers womb untimely rippd. (Act 5, scene VII) Macbeth is in shock he cannot believe it, all the prophecies have been untrue. Them Macbeth is killed bye Macduff and Macbeths head is stuck on a poll and paraded around. This was a way of showing the people that if they betray the king this is what will happen to them. The witches have influenced Macbeth, if they had not shown him the 3 prophecies then he would never have killed the king and he would still be a noble man. The witches were agents of evil so they were bound to tempt Macbeth. The witches simply showed Macbeth what he could be if he listened to them they did not force him they gave him the option and Macbeth choose their way. The witches have no power so they simply temp and try to push Macbeth in the direction they want him to go. Their influence is fair great on Macbeth. Lady Macbeth is a very possessive woman and has a great amount of ambition about her. When she read the letter from her husband in Act 1 scene V she was determined on making Macbeth the king. She wanted him so badly to become the king. She showed her determination in Act 1 scene VII when she said she would: I have given suck, and know how tender tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling up in my face, Have pluckd my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as you have to this. (Act 1, scene VII) She is so determined she would kill her own baby while she was feeding it, this shows that she is a very strong women. Lady Macbeth wants to become purely evil she shows this when she says Come spirits that tend on mortal thoughts! Unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty; make thick my blood. (Act 1, scene V) Lady Macbeth also says TH effect and it! Come to my womens breasts, and take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers, wherever in your sightless substances Lady Macbeth wants very thing that is feminine about her taken away from her so she can be purely evil. Lady Macbeth shows she isnt purely evil in Act 2 scene II when Macbeth asks her why she didnt kill Duncan she says Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet. (Act 2, scene II) As the play goes on lady Macbeth and Macbeths relationship starts to fall apart. At the beginning of the play Macbeth tells his wife every thing as the play digresses they lose faith and trust in each other. They do not tell each other anything. Lady Macbeth was not told by Macbeth that he was planning to kill Banquo or the Macduffs he simply just didnt communicate with her anymore. I believe that Shakespeare has presented Macbeth as some one who you can feel sympathy for, as he seems to be pushed in to killing Duncan by Lady Macbeth. I think that he never had any intentions of killing Duncan it was because his wife drove him so that he could gain power. He was not as strong as he seems, his wife bullies him into killing Duncan but he is a hero on the battlefield. Also if he had not seen the witches then I do not think that he would have any thoughts of killing the king.

Examine The Legality Of Military Humanitarian Intervention International Law Essay

Examine The Legality Of Military Humanitarian Intervention International Law Essay The general prohibition on the use of force contained in Article 2(4)  [1]  of the UN Charter forms a cornerstone of public international law. That prohibition is subject to a very narrow category of exceptions, all of which arise from the right to self-defence codified in Article 51 of the UN Charter.  [2]  A more controversial exception to the use of force that has been claimed to arise as a rule of customary international law is that of humanitarian intervention. This essay looks at the arguments in support of the proposition that humanitarian intervention is now established in international law as a lawful exception to the general prohibition on the use of force and assertions against such a proposition. The theoretical debate Ever since the question of the legality of humanitarian intervention first arose, there has been both vocal support and opposition to it. Lauterpacht famously put forward the rationale behind humanitarian intervention. He stated that one had to go back to the purpose of the general prohibition on the use of force, and that was to ensure peace. He considered that ultimately, peace is more endangered by tyrannical contempt for human rights than by attempts to assert, through intervention, the sanctity of human personality.  [3]  He thus considered that humanitarian intervention was justified if a state committed atrocities against its citizens in such a way and to such a degree that it interfered with those citizens fundamental human rights. However, it has always been appreciated that there are problems with the very idea that a state would expend its own resources and risk its own security simply for the good of the citizens of another state. Such a view might be considered to be cynical, but there is no doubt that history has shown that whenever humanitarian intervention is claimed as the legal basis for military force in another country, it is mixed with other reasons why a state would military intervene in another state.  [4]  Furthermore, humanitarian intervention is often put forward as a basis for legality of force without the citizens of the state who have suffered the intervention asking for such intervention to take place.  [5]  One can therefore question the theoretical underpinnings of such intervention. This problem is only exacerbated when one considers that humanitarian intervention is intervention that is undertaken by states on a unilateral basis outside of the precepts of the Security Council. The purpose of setting up the United Nations and the Security Council was to provide for peace throughout the world and engage in military intervention when required, as authorised by the Security Council. The Security Council is thus authorised with powers under Chapter VII of the UN Charter that allows it to authorise military use of force in another country. In doing so, the Security Council is able to take into account the fact that a particular country is facing human rights violations at the hands of its government and/or leaders.  [6]  Thus for example, in 1991, when the oppressive government of Iraq being led by Saddam Hussein took disproportionate military action to repress the Iraqi civilian population, the Security Council passed Resolution 668 under Chapter 7 of the UN Cha rter demanding of Iraq to immediately end the repression and insist that it allowed access to international humanitarian organisations to enter Iraq.  [7]   Any force authorised by the Security Council may be politically contentious, but there is no doubt that it would be lawful under the rules of force in international law. Given that there is such a power in the Security Council, one would question why there was a need for humanitarian intervention.  [8]  Indeed, providing that there is a right for humanitarian intervention available to states that can be exercised independently of the UN and the Security Council would greatly undermine the function of the Security Council as the body entrusted with authorisation of military force.  [9]   Humanitarian intervention is thus a doctrine which has long been debated in the courts. The real debate lies however in the practical instances that have arisen in the past where humanitarian intervention has been alleged as a justification of force. The section below shall go on to analyse these practical instances and asses to what extent humanitarian intervention can be said to now be a norm of international law. Practical instances of humanitarian intervention One major problem that arises when assessing the legality of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention is that one must distinguish between instances where the doctrine is invoked in rhetoric and public relations only and instanced where humanitarian intervention is actually relied on as a legal basis for justifying use of force in another state. The latter is a lot rarer than the former. The problem however is that it is only the latter incidents that is actually evidence of state practise of the right to humanitarian intervention. One of the earliest incidents to deal with the concept of humanitarian intervention commented on by commentators was that of Indian action in Bangladesh. In early 1971, following subjugation to Pakistani rule, Bangladeshi nationals were rebelling and seeking to establish Bangladesh as an independent country. India provided extensive military aid to Bangladesh to allow this to happen, aid without which arguably Bangladesh would not have won the conflict. In public theoretic, India stated thats is actions were based on humanitarian intervention since the Bangladeshis were suffering human rights violations under Pakistani rule.  [10]  This was highly criticised however for the fact was that India in having long-standing conflict with Pakistan itself did have vested interests in helping Bangladesh gain independence.  [11]  Indeed, India did not go on to utilise humanitarian intervention as a legal basis for its action and sought to rely on the doctrine of self-defence instead.  [12]   This pattern was repeated in many more incidents that occurred. Tanzania intervened militarily in Uganda in 1979 to enable rebels there to overthrow the repressive leader Idi Amin.  [13]  In 1978 Vietnam invaded Cambodia stating that it wished to prevent Cambodia from suffering at the hands of its government. Both stated that they wished to help the citizens of the respective countries they intervened in. This was however continuously rejected by the international community, with France and the US specifically stating that human rights violations did not justify the use of force, thus clearly indicating that it was not accepted at that time that humanitarian intervention was considered to be a legal basis for intervention.  [14]   Chronologically, the next major incident of humanitarian intervention that took place was that of Australian intervention in East Timor. Rebels in East Timor seeking to establish it as in independent country were facing repression from the state of Indonesia resisting independence. Human rights violations in the situation ensued resulting in several UN Resolutions calling for peace and eventually in a UN referendum, the results of which indicated that the majority of people wished for independence. The Australian government thus took the lead in providing military assistance to East Timor to repel Indonesian presence and establish an independent state.  [15]  In doing so, the Australian government expressly relied on the right to humanitarian intervention.What must be pointed out however is that the UN was involved in that situation, and most commentators regard that the intervention in East Timor is more akin to an incident where the UN regulates force for purposes of humanitari an intervention rather than when the right is employed unilaterally by a state.  [16]  Thus, the intervention in East Timor was seen to be highly similar to the US intervention in Somalia in 1992 which had been acted upon only after the UN had specifically called for humanitarian intervention.  [17]   Perhaps the most famous incident of humanitarian intervention was that in Kosovo. Kosovo, now an independent country, used to be part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and consisted of a mix of ethnicities, with 90% being ethnical Albanians and the minority being Serbians. In the 1990s the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia started to break up with each different country announcing its independence. The state of Kosovo also suggested breaking off from the FRY, to regain the independence Kosovo once had before Yugoslavia was established in the first place. This was met by much resistance from the Serbians both in Serbia and in Kosovo. A regime of ethnic cleansing of the Albanians in Kosovo started to prevent the calls and efforts by those peoples to make Kosovo an independent country and one of the worlds worst conflicts started, with human rights violations reaching epidemic proportions.  [18]   This matter was brought to the attention of the Security Council, and on 31 March 1998 it adopted Resolution 1160,  [19]  which imposed an arms embargo on the FRY and called for it to work with the Kosovar Albanians to achieve a peaceful solution to the matter. Following this however the violence in Kosovo only intensified and Resolution 1199 was adopted which determined that the situation in Kosovo amounted to a threat to peace and security in the region.  [20]  The problem was however the presence of the veto in the Security Council. Every permanent member of the Security Council has the right to veto any Security Council resolutions made. Russia being a major part of the former Soviet Union that existed was highly reluctant to take any action further to the two resolutions already adopted against the FRY and indicated that it would use its veto if any resolution were attempted to be passed which authorised military measures to be taken against the FRY. There was little cha nce that the Security Council would therefore be able to take action in response to the situation that was ongoing in Kosovo.  [21]   As a result of this, NATO states came together to discuss military intervention in Kosovo. NATO declared that the FRY had not complied with Resolution 1199 and that NATO would therefore institute military action against Russia. Extensive military action was undertaken via an aerial campaign, attacking FRY forces both in Kosovo and in the FRY itself to attempt to stop the attacks that were taking place against Kosovo. The campaign commenced ion 23 March 1999 and did not end several months later, on 10 June 1999 when the FRY forces agreed to a case-fire and signed the military-technical agreement with NATO on 9 June 1999.  [22]   There was no doubt that the military action undertaken by NATO had been successful in bringing peace to the region. Despite the fact that there was no apparent basis at the time for military action, there was no international objection to the force used (other than by the states to whom the military action was targeted against). It was apparently accepted that the action undertaken by NATO was lawful.  [23]  From this, one can deduct that there must have been a valid theoretical underlying to the force taken. It was clear that the action was not authorised under the Security Council resolutions, for while the resolutions were relied on in justifying the military action undertaken, it was always accepted that the resolutions did not authorise military force and indeed did not attempt to do so because of the veto that would be exercised by Russia. There was no question that the Serb forces had carried out an armed attack against NATO countries or anyone in the region of NATO countries and so the doctrines of self-defence or collective self-defence could not be relied on. The only remaining doctrine that could have possibly justified the military force undertaken by NATO forces was therefore that of humanitarian intervention. Indeed, the situation in Kosovo appears to be the one that elevated the doctrine of humanitarian intervention from what was seen to be a less than credible basis of justification of use of force to one that was apparently widely accepted.  [24]   Thus commentators who point out that the doctrine was accepted as applying to the case of Kosovo point to the wide apparent acceptance of the international community that the acts of NATO in Kosovo were legal. In March 1999 the states of Belarus and Russia introduced a draft resolution to the Security Council which stated that the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was illegal. This was rejected by a majority of 12 votes. In 1999, the UN Commission on Human Rights passed a resolution finding that the intervention by NATO had been lawful, with only Russia and Cuba (both communist states) finding against such a resolution.  [25]   Kosovo is therefore at least one incident where the right to humanitarian intervention was both relied on and appears to have been accepted. The difficulty lies in the fact that while the military action undertaken against Kosovo was considered to be morally justified, concerns continue to be expressed by academic commentators that the incident should not be seen to act as precedent, for doing so would effectively widen the category of exceptions that existed in relation to the use of force and undermine the well-established rules of Article 2(4).  [26]   Perhaps the next most famous incident where the right of humanitarian intervention was relied on, but one where the basis of such a right was considered to be much more contentious, was that of Iraq.  [27]  Coalition military intervention in Iraq in 2003 was one of the most contentious use of force that took place and the legality of the war continues to be debated to the current day. Different bases were offered by the coalition states that went to war at different times. Saddam Husseins brutal treatment of his people and the human rights violations that they had suffered were often pointed to when the rhetoric on whether a war should take place was entered into.  [28]  What is notable however was that although apparently doing so in the period preceding the war, neither the US nor the UK legally relied on the doctrine of humanitarian intervention to justify its war in Iraq. Rather, the UK relied on interpretation of Security Council resolutions while the US argued for the r ight of self-defence, both pointing to the fact that Iraq was in possession of weapons of self-destruction (an assertion which was later discovered to be invalid).  [29]  The fact that humanitarian intervention was not relied on despite the fact that Iraq was suffering a humanitarian catastrophe and had been for several years indicates that neither of the worlds leading states considered that the right to humanitarian intervention had established itself as a legal norm and would not, formally at least, be accepted by the international community as a bass for military intervention. Responsibility to protect The humanitarian intervention doctrine has evolved in recent times and international law has come to develop the responsibility to protect doctrine, often referred to as the R2P doctrine. The very existence of this doctrine supports the idea that humanitarian intervention is not only regarded as a moral justification of the use of force in states where human rights violations are being committed, but is a positive duty on the international community to act and intervene in states where there is inadequate respect for human rights. UN Secretary General Kofi Anan brought the tensions that were apparent behind the prohibition on the use of force in Article 2(4) and the fact that intervention was required as a result of increasing human rights violations that were seen around the world to the fore in 1999. At that date, the atrocities in Rwanda were being discussed by the international community, and the committee that had been set up to investigate how the genocide in Rwanda had taken place came back with reports attributing much blame to the UN for failing to take action in Rwanda in what was seen as a preventable genocide.  [30]  Annan therefore requested the General Assembly to answer the question of: if humanitarian intervention is, indeed an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we response to Rwanda, to a Srebrenica to gross and systematic violations of human rights?.  [31]   The Canadian government in response to this question set up the ICISS. In 2001 the ICISS produced a report where the doctrine of the responsibility to protect was advanced.  [32]  In 2004, the High-Level Panel on threats, challenges and changes that had been set up by the UN secretary-General stated that the R2P doctrine was an emerging norm of collective international responsibility to protect.  [33]  The Secretary-General went on to endorse this finding. In a 2005 world summit, the R2P doctrine was expressly accepted and referred to.  [34]   Perhaps the most pertinent recognition of the R2P doctrine is that the Security Council specifically referred to the doctrine in Resolution 1674 (2006) when it was regarding the question of how civilians in armed conflicts should be protected.  [35]  The Resolution referred to the R2P doctrine as a doctrine of international law apparently conferring upon it a status of customary international law or otherwise. The problem with the fact that R2P now appears to be part of international law is the emergence of further questions, namely what the relationship of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention with the R2P doctrine is. Is the R2P doctrine simply any other way of describing humanitarian intervention? Or are the two concepts entirely different? If so, is humanitarian intervention subject to the doctrine of R2P? Debate on these questions commenced ever since the R2P doctrine was put forward and has ensued ever since. One might consider that the R2P doctrine is in fact simply another way of describing the doctrine of humanitarian intervention, and one that seeks to grant the doctrine a more elevated status. The language of responsibility no doubt confers more powers than the language of rights does for while the latter grants states discretion in whether to exercise the particular rights of concern, the former does not. If one were to accept such an argument, then the fact that R2P now appears to be a doctrine of international law means that humanitarian intervention is also a rule of international law and such intervention legalises use of force in other states. However, the ICISSs formulation of the R2P doctrine is on the basis that it is an entirely different concept to the doctrine of humanitarian intervention. The ICISS report thus stated that humanitarian intervention should not be seen to be the prime concern in the modern world where catastrophic human rights violations such as Rwanda were taking place. The Commission argued that there was a need for a new doctrine, which governed the need to intervene in the affairs of states who committed human rights violations. Such a doctrine should not be seen as a right to intervene that was granted to the intervening state, as humanitarian intervention might do, but rather as a responsibility on other states to intervene as a result of the right of the state that was suffering human rights violations to be protected.  [36]   R2P also introduced a new method of dealing with the concept of state sovereignty. As set out above, the doctrine of humanitarian intervention does not tie in well with the concept of state sovereignty, for it effectively allows a sate to intervene in another states affairs on the ground that the former state is of the opinion that the latter states treatment of its own citizen is in accurate. Such a concept can be seen to go against the very idea of equality of states in international law.  [37]  The R2P doctrine proposes to deal with this tension by proposing that the concept of state sovereignty to control its citizens with that of sovereignty as responsibility to protect its citizens. Once again, there was a shift from rights to responsibility. The R2P doctrine effectively re-characterises the conception of state sovereignty as one that is a right of governments to control their citizens, to one where there is a duty on governments to protect its citizens, and rights are gran ted to citizens to be protected. Where these rights were not being complied with and a government was not protecting its citizens and was in fact committing human rights violations against it, then the sovereignty to protect was not being effected and this sovereignty did not exist. As such, any exercise of the R2P doctrine through the use of military force would not contravene any idea of sovereignty.  [38]   Such a proposal can be commended for its view of the principle of state sovereignty. The fact is that the concept of state sovereignty and the idea that a state is able to control its citizens as it wishes is one that while remaining in theory can be seen not to have continued on an international basis. International law has long adjudicated to govern the relationship of a state and its individuals. A prime example of this can be seen to be in international human rights protections which essentially impose standards on states with regards to a states treatment of its citizens which must be complied with.  [39]  The very concept of the international community and of the United Nations necessitates a limiting of the concept of state sovereignty. The reformulation of the concept of state sovereignty from one which sees sovereignty as control to that to protect might be considered to be ingenious in that it resolves the theoretical tensions that exist between the right to military in tervention in states where human rights violations are committed and sovereignty of that state. However, the fact is that the concept of sovereignty as sovereignty to protect still poses the same problems that the traditional concept of state sovereignty controls: Sovereignty to protect allows a third state to intervene in a states matters when protection of citizens is not being undertaken adequately. Which state is to decide however when citizens protection is being undertaken adequately and when it is not? To what extent does the protection of citizens in a state have to be undermined before military action can be allowed in that state?  [40]   Thus, whether or not R2P is the same or a different doctrine to that of humanitarian intervention, the same difficulties that are faced by humanitarian intervention proponents remain, and perhaps the most major of these problems is the wide floodgates the idea of a responsibility to protect opens. Practical incidents have shown how in the past humanitarian intervention has wrongfully been used by states, often on a post-facto basis, to justify use of force and intervention in other states. The R2P doctrine in fact provides for a wider scope of humanitarian intervention for as pointed out above, a responsibility imposes a larger duty and therefore a larger scope of power on states to take action than a right to intervene does, and the R2P doctrine therefore arguably exacerbates the problem that humanitarian intervention traditionally faced. In this vein however it must be noted that the proponents of the R2P doctrine point out that unlike humanitarian intervention, the R2P would impose a duty on states to employ a wide range of measures, along a continuum, to regulate states behaviour. Thus the R2P doctrine envisaged that preventative measures should be used to prevent human rights atrocities, and duties included rebuilding societies that had been affected by human rights violations. Such a doctrine is therefore very commendable in theory.  [41]   Furthermore, it must be pointed out that the R2P doctrine apparently appears to have been envisaged to be utilised within the provisions of the Security Council rather than impose duties or rights on states to act on a unilateral basis to military intervene in other countries. If that is the case, then the R2P doctrine has not really helped towards resolving the questions surrounding humanitarian intervention at all.  [42]   Conclusion The above discussion has shown that there are many questions regarding the legality of humanitarian intervention in international law as a justification for use of force in another state. There is little doubt that in the past the doctrine was not regarded as a valid justification for the use of force. Thus the international community tended to reject attempts by states to justify use of force with the concept of humanitarian intervention, not least because such justification was often posed on an ex facto basis and was usually tied in with some other form of justification that was put forward. The position appeared to change however in the NATO intervention in Kosovo when the international world apparently accepted the legality of the action. The war in Iraq in 2003 however appeared to reverse the position once again, when attempts to rely on humanitarian protection were rejected almost from the outset and indeed the coalition states eventually went on to rely on other basses to jus tify the use of force that was undertaken. The doctrine of humanitarian intervention does have its proponents and certainly is a very attractive concept in international law. In the writers view however the dangers posed by the doctrine outweigh the advantages that it offers. The doctrine effectively widens the scope of exceptions that exist to Article 2(4) and allows states to unilaterally take force. This undermines not only the concept of state sovereignty but also the purpose of the United Nations and the Security Council as being relevant bodies to regulate international peace and security. The R2P doctrine that has been put forward as a doctrine of international law is in many ways preferable to that of humanitarian intervention. The R2P doctrine provides for rights of citizens rather than rights of states and importantly it envisages that military action will be undertaken by the Security Council rather than on a unilateral basis. The writer is therefore of the opinion that the R2P doctrine should be distinguished from the idea of humanitarian intervention R2P should be recognised as a principle of international law and one that allows the Security Council to take military action in state when required. It should not however be seen to extend the doctrine of humanitarian protection. Indeed it is the writers view that humanitarian protection does not exist as a legal right in international law, both in theory and in practise. The doctrine goes against all ideas of state sovereignty and against the prohibition of the use of force in general. Furthermore, states do not appear to have accepted that the doctrine is a norm of law. In this vein, the case of Kosovo can be considered to be an exception in international law.  [43]  In that case, the only reason the Security Council did not take action was because of the presence of the Russian veto, but otherwise there was international consensus that military action should

Partnerships and Limited Companies

Partnerships and Limited Companies The Partnership Act 1890 defines a partnership as the relation which subsists between people carrying on a business in common with a view of profit. (Alan Griffiths Stuart Wall) states This is a form of business relationship which is usually entered into by individuals who wish to take advantage of the combined capital, managerial skills and experience of two or more people.(p133) Definition of limited companies Limited companies are companies whose ownership is in the hands of shareholders who appoint directors to report at meetings, these meeting are often annual. The directors and managers are responsible for the day to day running of the business and then report back to the shareholders. There are two types of limited companies, Private Limited Companies (Ltd) and Public Limited Companies (Plc). These must issue a Memorandum of Association defining its relationship with the outside world and Articles of Association defining its internal government. Advantages of partnerships An advantage of a partnership compared to a limited company is that you can set up a partnership with any starting capital. With limited companies at least  £50,000 is needed. Globally, a partnership means less bureaucracy and a more flexible structure. For example, it is not required to hold formal board meetings annually or generally. This shows that this type of business is easier to run. Partners cant be expelled and can stop new incoming partners according to Partnership Act 1890, (Section25). This is in link with the changes in composition of the partners that imply a new firm to be created and the old firm can be dissolved if there are any changes. It also implies that incoming partners will not be liable for what occurred before they join, and outgoing partners for what occurred after they leave. There are no requirements to publish full financial details, so there is more privacy for partners. Finances only need be declared for tax and VAT. Another key advantage is that co sts, risks and responsibility is shared between the partners, keeping the control of the company to a minimum. Disadvantages of partnerships The main disadvantage of a partnership is the unlimited liability of the debts. All partners are liable together for the debts and other liabilities of the firm. The liability applies to their private assets of the partners. (Business law, p88) There is no full insurance over on offer for professional liability claims. A partner is still liable after his death for the debts incurred by the firm while he was a partner and after his retirement if he did not notice his retirement in the London Gazette (business law, p88). The solution to this disadvantage is to be a limited partner and so the liability of the partner is limited for the debts of the firm (limited Partnership Act 1907). However one partner must be a general partner meaning this partner would be fully liable for the firms debts. If one partner does a wrongful act or an omission in the course of the business, the firm is liable for the wrongful act or the omission of the partner (Partnership Act 1890, section 10). Moreover there is no separate entity. According to the book Law for Business a partnership is not a legal person, though it may sue or may be sued in the firms name. Thus the partners own the property of the firm. (p624) Finally a partnership is not convenient for huge structure businesses, as disagreement between partners can cause difficulties in decision making. Advantages of Limited companies A limited Company exists as a legal entity in itself, separate from its owners and managers. Liability for debts is limited to the amount of issued share capital. Capon (2004 p16) Advantages of limited companies are that if Arkwright was to go for a Private Limited Company (ltd), then he would only need one director. If he were to go for a public limited company (plc) then the minimum would be two. An advantage of a limited company is the limited liability this would create. This shows that personal possessions of the owners are protected as they cannot lose more than they have invested. If Arkwright was to choose a private limited company, Arkwright would benefit from having a relaxed time limit in which he has to submit annual accounts to the Registrar of Companies. Another advantage of starting up a private limited company is that there is not a set amount of capital that the company has to start up with; it can be created on what Arkwright decides on. If Arkwright were to desire a private limited company, then there isnt a set of rules in the Companies Legislation that private limited companies are to comply with. There is however, for a public limited company. Lastly, a rather significant advantage of a public limited company is that, there is no limit in age in which Arkwright has to retire by. He can still be a director beyond the age of 70 and for as long after that as he wants. Disadvantages of Limited companies Ltds: A disadvantage of being a LTD is that you cannot sell shares on the London Stock Exchange to the general public, thus losing a large proportion of possible buyers. Shares can only be sold to relatives; which makes it harder for investors to get their money back if they want to sell shares. There is often only a limited amount of capital that can be raised from friends and family. Another disadvantage is that unless the founding member is the majority share holder they may loose control over the business. A. Griffiths and S. Wall. (2008 p135) PLC: There are many legal formalities that must be addressed before a PLC can start up, for example a solicitor must be paid to set the company up making it more expensive then a partnership or sole trader. The company must pay an auditor to check accounts independently to ensure the accounts are all in order to be viewed by the public and shareholders. All activities are closely monitored by company law, to ensure that company is making public every account it should. As the company must publish the accounts the company loses some privacy to competitors. Due to this there may be competition that offers a takeover bid, buying all the shares available on sale, and there is nothing the managers can do to stop this. One final main point is that the companies can become very large and bureaucratic. Poor communication often arises leading to inefficiency. The divorce of control and ownership causes problems with share holders and managers, as their goals/aims for the company may be quite different. CONCLUSION Each form of company has its strengths and weaknesses but according to its activity, its structures, etc each firm should find the form that suits best for its business. To our particular case, Arkwright should opt for a LLP, REASONS : References A. Griffiths S. Wall, Economics for Business and Management. Second Edition, (2008) K.Denis, Law for Business, published by Pearson education UK, (2006) D.Keenan, R.Sarah, Business Law, 8th edition, Pearson education UK, (2007) Limited Partnership Act 1907 Partnership Act 1890 section 10 and 30 Bibliography

Albert Einstein Essay -- biographies biography bio

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879 to Jewish parents. In the year 1880 the Einsteins moved to Munich so that Albert could attend the school there. Albert's father started a factory there in Munich. The most charming story was told about the young Albert Einstein when he was 5. He was late to dinner because he was sitting out in the garden thinking under a tree, when he was brought to his father he noticed a small compass on Hermman Einstein's pocket watch. He was fascinated with the little compass and why it always pointed north. School for Einstein was a trying experience. For young Einstein "school is just like a barrack...and the teachers are like the officers who tell the soldiers what to do. If you don't learn your lessons by heart they scold or beat you. Even if you don't understand what the books say! They are angry when you ask questions-and I like to ask question."(2) Albert Einstein stayed at the school in Munich until he was about 15, then he left Munich to join his family in Milan. There he while hiking and listening to music he decided to be a theoretical physicist. After this decision was made he left Milan to go the the Zurich Polytechnic school in Switzerland. After a year of study he was admitted to the Zurich Polytechnic and completed a degree in physics. "Why should one not admit a man [to the United States]...who dares to oppose every war except the inevitable one with his own wife?" (1932) (1) Albert Einstein viewed the militarism with his homeland as disgusting. At the age of 16 renounced his German citizenship and became a Swiss citizen vowing never to hold German citizenship again. During World War I Einstein was the co-founder of the 'Bund Neues Vaterland'(League of the New Fa... ...." December 20, 1939 (4) "I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his creatures, or has a will of the kind that we experience in ourselves. Neither can I nor would I want to conceive of an individual who survives his physical death; let feeble souls, for fear or absurd egoism, cherish such thoughts." 1930 (1) Bibliography 1. Calaprice, Alice. The Expanded Quotable Einstein. Princeton University Press; Princeton, 2000. 2.Levinger, Elina. Albert Einstein. Simon & Schuster, Inc; New York, New York, 1949. 3. Goldsmith, Mackay, & Woudhuysen. Einstein the First Hundred Years. Pergamon Press; New York, 1980. 4. www.stcloud.msus.edu/~~lesikar/einstein/personal.html 5. Infeld, Leopold. Albert Eistein: His Work and its Influence on Our World. Charles Scribner's Sons; New York, 1950. 6. www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/phys.einstein.

Unions :: essays research papers

The union movement of the late 19th century by Eli Hatch During 1870 through 1900 workers joined together; responding to the power of their employers caused by the growth of industrialization. The worker did not always have the luxury of leaving after eight hours of work, the right to representation, or the even the right to work in a safe environment. The working people of nineteenth century America had to unite in struggle to achieve the gains that are often taken selfishly and taken for granted today. There were many successes and failures in organized labor; the successes were often obtained through the loss of the worker, often through lost wages, jobs, or even death. The organization structure of the union during 1870 through 1900 went through different cycles and strategies to achieve what they wanted. One of the first effective regional organized unions was the Knights of Labor formed in 1869. The knights took in not only skilled workers but also any worker that could be trul y classified as a producer. The knights took their peek in 1885 when strikes against Union Pacific, Southwest System, and Wabash railroads attracted public sympathy and succeeded in preventing a reduction in wages, at this time they boasted a membership of 700,000. 1886 was a troubled year for labor relations. There were nearly 1,600 strikes involving 600,000 workers, with the eight-hour day being the important item for all of the strikes. Failure of some of the strikes and internal conflicts between the skilled workers and the unskilled led to a decline in the Knights popularity and influence. Another organization called the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions created a constitution that other unions could adhere to. This constitution met in Pittsburgh on Nov. 15 1881 and was created by representatives of the cigar makers, the printers, the merchant seamen, steel workers, carpenters and local units of the Knights of Labor. One of the most important items in the constitu tion created by the FOTLU recommended that the legal eight-hour work day be an objective for every union to achieve. The FOTLU thus accelerated a strong national push for a shorter work week. The AFL grew from 140,000 in 1886 to nearly on million by 1900. With these strengths in numbers they often preferred striking over political action. The struggle for workers rights, wage increases and protests against wage cuts were often unsuccessful resulting in violence and death.

Animal Imagery in King Lear Essay

Animal Imagery in King Lear A common misconception during the Elizabethan Era is that humans are superior to animals. Fudge shows this by stating: â€Å"where there is a fear of the collapse of difference, there is also an urgent need to reiterate human superiority† (Fudge 2). Throughout King Lear, Shakespeare challenges this boundary that has been desperately enforced by humans for so many years. The strict distinction between humans and animals is trivialized as Shakespeare continuously alludes to the relationships between his characters, animals, and other species. With this being said, the audience is able to see how the play King Lear, exposes a number of Shakespeare’s interesting literary choices. One that is used frequently within the play is animal imagery, where the characteristics of specific individuals relate to the qualities associated with a particular animal. Through the use of a dragon, serpent, and bird, Shakespeare utilizes animal imagery to relate common understandings and representations of animals to highlight both the characters’ true qualities and their relevance through a feminist lens. The juxtaposition of human and animal in King Lear is effective in establishing the idea that humans and animals are not as dissimilar as many believe, and in fact possess many of the same underlying qualities. The image of a dragon is used by Shakespeare to portray King Lear’s emotions. Although dragons are traditionally mythological creatures, their possessive qualities and explosive personality are traits that humans also possess. For example, Lear refers to himself as a dragon when he states, â€Å"come not between the dragon and his wrath† (1. . 126). At this point in the play, it is evident that Lear possesses qualities of a dragon as he is very easily enraged, and views himself as a very powerful and important person. He becomes enraged at the fact that his prized possession or treasure, Cordelia, is being put in jeopardy by her response. Lear and a dragon both show how the concept of change can make one become very vulnerable. Although Lear’s inflexible personality causes him to banish Cordelia, the thought of losing his favourite daughter will become everlasting in his mind. Both a dragon and Lear have become so accustomed to their roles of protecting, that the idea of change may cause them to lash out. Furthermore, Lear shows how he feels superior to everyone below him in the hierarchy. His actions reveal that he sees himself as untouchable and is willing to pose threats to anyone he may feel uncomfortable or intimidated by. Even though Kent is giving Lear priceless advice, Lear’s current state of vulnerability causes him to usher threats and make idiotic decisions. Lear’s comments out of anger and his comparison to being a dragon shows how males have ultimate authority over women, and are able to speak their minds without consequences. In addition, men can be distinguished as the dominant gender since Lear parallel’s a dragon’s characteristics of being a very powerful creature and leader. Although Lear is willing to divide his kingdom up, he does not suggest that he is willing to give up any of his power. Lear still wants to remain as a leading figure and have full authority over everyone. There is no mention of a Queen being present, or the balance of power shifting to anyone else other than Lear. Therefore it is evident that Shakespeare uses animal imagery to show Lear’s fiery personality and male authority. Traditionally, snakes are seen as predatory animals that are feared by almost everyone. Being related to a snake is not normally a positive comparison, thus, one must commit a significantly evil action to be called one. The first reference to a snake is when Lear is ranting about Goneril to Regan. He states, â€Å"[Goneril] struck me with her tounge/ most serpant-like, upon the very heart† (2. 4. 169-170). In a traditional fight, a snake is almost powerless; however, it is known that by being smart and deceptive, snakes can be victorious in battle. Goneril shows this by flattering her father’s ego in order to obtain his riches. Once she takes her father’s wealth, she orders him to get rid of his knights, and ultimately kicks him out, with nowhere to go. Goneril’s cunning ability allows her to destroy her father, while benefiting herself. These villainous actions that she commits come as a surprise to Lear because he is blind to the fact that he is being cheated and robbed of his possessions from the second he offered the division of his kingdom. Just like a snake, the element of surprise is utilized by Goneril to catch her father off guard and thus, diminish his power without any consequences. Furthermore, this shows how greed and wealth can cause humans to make rash decisions, and therefore be compared to poisonous beasts. As the play comes to an end, one can see how the quote becomes very ironic as Goneril decides to poison her sister. Therefore not only does she possess the same mentality as a snake, she also follows through with her actions physically by the use of poison. Through a feminist lens, one could say that men are quick to blame women for their actions and mistakes. Lear is too busy feeling sorry for himself to realize that he was the cause of his own sadness and destruction. However, instead of acknowledging this fact, he immediately refers to his daughter as a snake. The representation of women as snakes shows the imbalance of power in society. In order for women to make their own decisions, they must be sly and quiet about them because they have no right to speak their minds in front of men. Therefore, instead of stating their own opinion, they must comply with the needs and wants of the men around them. Even if they have an excellent idea, it will most likely be opposed by men simply because women are viewed as being less capable or credible. With this being said, Shakespeare uses the image of snake to highlight the many evil and manipulative qualities that humans possess. Shakespeare utilizes the image of a bird to reflect both positive and negative attributes within his characters. Unlike most animals, birds are able to express both predatory and peaceful instincts. Towards the end of the play, the reference of a bird is seen in a positive way, as it represents the renewal of life and freedom. This is present when Lear states, â€Å"we two alone will sing like birds in a cage† (5. 3. 10). The quote emphasizes irony as both Lear and Cordelia are literally in prison like a bird in a cage. Despite the fact that they are captive, and about to lose their lives, their overall happiness is restored because they are together once again. After the climax of the play causes extreme pain and agony for both characters, being together with the one whom they can trust and care for is the best possible reward, regardless of the setting. Now that Lear and Cordelia are free from the evil sisters, they can live happily for the rest of their lives. This in turn causes them to sing like birds, or in other words, express their true happiness. This is a very controversial moment in the play, as it is the moment when Lear finally brings good-spirits to the tragedy that has taken place. Now that he is free of his arrogance and illusions, he is able to see the true love of Cordelia. The use of a caged bird describes Cordelia’s character perfectly. Throughout the play, she is expected to play the traditional role of a woman, which is to look pretty and â€Å"sing† charmingly. This suggests that women are expected to act only in the way that their male authorities desire. However, although Cordelia has done nothing wrong and has continued to be a loyal wife and daughter, she still ends up dead as a result of her sisters actions. Just like a caged bird, women are forced to live through the terms of their owners. Therefore, even though they have the ability to be free, they are obligated to listen to whatever their owners want. Also, this shows how men view themselves as providers, and the advantage of this is they recognize that majority of women would not be able to cope by themselves in a male dominated society. On the contrary, Shakespeare uses the image of a bird to show their more predatory and savage-like behaviours. These birds contradict the traditional image of a bird as they are very dangerous and aggressive. Throughout the play there are multiple references to these birds such as, â€Å"the hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long,/ that it’s had it head bit off by it young† (1. 4. 203-204). The fool states this to Lear because he is aware of the evil actions that both Goneril and Regan are committing. Both daughters are raised by Lear therefore they know all his weaknesses and are able to take advantage of them. Also, once they are able to realize that their father is becoming old and weak, they take this opportunity to rid him of his power very quickly. The next examples of predatory birds in the play are once again used to make reference to the two evil daughters. However, this time Lear calls Goneril a â€Å"detested kite† (1. 4. 254), and states that both of them are â€Å"pelican daughters† (3. 4. 74). Lear now realizes that he has been deceived by his daughters and that his power has been stripped from him. These two references are also ironic, as these two birds are known to eat the flesh of decaying corpses. In many ways Lear represents a decaying corpse, as he is becoming old and powerless; therefore he can be easily taken advantage off. Thus, the image of birds throughout the play is critical because it allows Shakespeare to portray the positive and negative attributes in his characters. Throughout history, the disparity between animals and humans is unclear. However, Shakespeare effortlessly brings light to this subject as he is able to indirectly reveal the personalities of his characters by making connections to the qualities of particular animals. This literary method is known as animal imagery, and the characteristics that both humans and animals share allow one to conclude that they are very much similar in the way they act. In King Lear, a dragon, serpent, and bird emphasize animal imagery as they reflect common understandings that can be related to the actions of the characters in the play. Through a feminist analysis of the characters, it is evident that the Elizabethan Era was dominated by male egos. Therefore, one can see the importance of animal imagery as it not only shows the similarities of humans and animals, but allows Shakespeare to be comprehended on another level.

Family Systems and Healthy Development Essay

Healthy suppuration is generally silent as the progressive physical, ruttish, cognitive and sociable maturation that takes place in a persons life from im senesce onwards into gravidhood. This process is further influenced by a continuous whirlwind of biological and surroundingsal factors. Of the numerous purlieual factors that an individual encounters all over the course of the life span, it is clear to look at family systems play a signifi basist lineament and can be extremely impactful on the developmental process. To gain a go understanding of the impact of family on estimable development, it is worthwhile to consider the dissimilar family structures that constitute in our culture. The portrait of the family in straightaways society is no nightlong rigidly defined by marriage, which is characterized by a two pargonnt place with minorren rather on that point argon increase numbers of single p arnts, teen parents, part parents and same-sex couple parents. Somet imes we forget the prominent variety of forms, not only of the families funding amongst us, but excessively those presented in scripture.thither are single person families same Mary, Martha, and their brother Lazarus. There are families experiencing difficulties deal Joseph and his brothers, or broken families fitking newborn life like Naomi and Ruth (Way, 2003). Of the various forms that the family structure can take, one pursuant(predicate) factor that is crucial for the facilitation of wakeless development is family perceptual constancy. Parental mental competence, stable-loving caregivers, col later onal or prejudicial parenting are all factors that alter to the establishment of the st dexterity of the family social unit. The photographic plate environment is arguably one of the most consequential facets of an individuals childhood gain and development. When there is structure and stability children lean to win and are more self-conscious and assertive, vers us when there is little to no stability the opposite effect can be expected to occur. When disruptions in the stability of the family environment occur, youths ability to develop adequate possession skills may be compromised, leading to both internalizing and externalizing problems (Malatras & Israel, 2013).Though there are famed differences in the childrearing practices around the world there are marked similarities that exist in the context of determining a sanguine family unit. It is helpful to consider socioeconomic status, paternal contributions and involvement, sibling relationships, family history and ethnic norms when act to determine the overall health of a family system. Factors such as warmth, emotional availability, moment activities such as predictable have it off or mealtime activities, religious observances and communication are of considerable importance when evaluating the health of a family system in the Western culture. yet in other cultures such as the Car ibbean there is less emphasis set on the feelings of warmth and emotional connections and more on discipline, control and behavior management. Children in the Caribbean are expected to perform adult responsibilities at a much in front age than their American counterparts.For example in a study conducted on child health in Jamaica at the age of four or five, children of both sexes range doing household chores such as sweeping, mopping, root polishing, and caring for younger children (Sargent & Harris, 1992). Children are overly expected to complete tasks such as cooking and laundry as earlyish as the age of seven. Within the constraints of cultural norms, one can say that a healthy family system is one in which the developing child can blast physically and emotionally and is on token to becoming a functional atom of that society. In the same way that a healthy family system can attend an individual in becoming self-sufficient and aware there are negative impacts that can oc cur when there are breakdowns in the foundation of the family.For example in families where psychological insult takes place, the effects can be detrimental to the child who as a result may take over from low self-esteem, lying, misbehavior, and underachievement in school. The impact of demoralize on brain development is as well as profound and has been linked to a step-down in the size of the amygdala and genus Hippocampus later on in adulthood. It is also noted that the fear, terror and stress associated with vitiate may also produce perpetual changes due to the overstimulation of the limbic system (Feldman, 2014).In conclusion, one can clearly see the vast significance that the role offamily plays in the physical, spiritual, social and cognitive development of an individual. The family unit is the training ground for life in the world at large and its impact can be either positive or negative. However there are several other factors at engage in determining how an individ ual allow handle their life unheeding of the cards that they are dealt. For instance a child who grows up in a home where he has been the victim of psychological maltreatment may still have a chance at being a fully functional and contributing subdivision of society due to his resilience and ability to traverse difficult circumstances. Likewise rough children who are given all the tools for success, emotional stability and great family environment may still make bad decisions later on in life. The research is uncommon in its support that healthy family systems, regardless of cultural norms facilitate the production of healthy independent adults who are able to thrive in the society of their upbringing.ReferencesFeldman, R. S. (2014). Development crossways the life span (7th ed.). Upper charge River, NJ Pearson. Malatras, J. W. and Israel, A. C. (2013), The Influence of Family Stability on Self-Control and Adjustment. J. Clin. Psychol., 69 661670. doi 10.1002/jclp.21935. Sarg ent, C., & Harris, M. (1992). sexual activity ideology, childrearing, and child health in Jamaica. American Ethnologist, 19(3), 523-537. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/645199. Way, P. (2003). Family systems. The Clergy Journal, 80(1), 14-15. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/230514795?accountid=12085.